{"id":551,"date":"2013-06-10T22:46:09","date_gmt":"2013-06-10T22:46:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/altarul-banatului.ro\/?page_id=551"},"modified":"2013-06-10T22:46:09","modified_gmt":"2013-06-10T22:46:09","slug":"reconsiderari-si-precizari-privind-viata-si-anumite-acte-ale-lui-constantin-i","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/altarul-banatului.ro\/?page_id=551","title":{"rendered":"Reconsider\u0103ri \u015fi preciz\u0103ri privind via\u0163a \u015fi anumite acte ale lui Constantin I"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/p>\n

\u00a0Preot prof. dr. Vasile Muntean<\/p>\n

\n

\u00cen expunerea de fa\u0163\u0103 vom c\u0103uta, \u00eent\u00e2i de toate, s\u0103 stabilim durata vie\u0163ii lui Flavius Valerius Constantinus Magnus[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Limitele temporale care s-au vehiculat oscileaz\u0103 \u00eentre 57 \u015fi 67 de ani[2]<\/a>. Dac\u0103 \u00eens\u0103 lu\u0103m \u00een calcul explica\u0163iile date de Eusebie al Cezareei[3]<\/a>, un apropiat al lui Constantin cel Mare, ajungem la concluzia verosimil\u0103 c\u0103 imperatorul roman ce-l avem \u00een vedere a tr\u0103it 63 de ani \u015fi un num\u0103r de luni, a\u015fadar nu 64 de ani \u00eemplini\u0163i[4]<\/a>. Istoriograful Eusebie \u2013 apel\u00e2nd la o analogie \u2013 consemneaz\u0103 c\u0103\u00a0 Alexandru Macedon a vie\u0163uit 32 de ani, pe c\u00e2nd \u201e\u00eemp\u0103ratul nostru[…] \u015fi-a \u00eenmul\u0163it anii vie\u0163ii p\u00e2n\u0103 la \u00eendoitul v\u00e2rstei aceluia, iar pe cei ai domniei, p\u00e2n\u0103 la de trei ori [domnia aceluia]\u201d[5]<\/a>. \u00centr-o pagin\u0103 anterioar\u0103, acela\u015fi cronicar scria despre Constantin c\u0103 \u201e\u00een ceea ce prive\u015fte lungimea domniei, El [adic\u0103 Cel-de-Sus] l-a \u00eenvrednicit de trei decade pline \u015fi de \u00eenc\u0103 pu\u0163in pe deasupra, pun\u00e2ndu-i ca hotar al vie\u0163ii lui de om num\u0103rul \u00eendoit al acestor ani\u201d[6]<\/a>. \u00cen leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu Alexandru cel Mare, observ\u0103m\u00a0 c\u0103 de facto <\/em>el a murit la 33 de ani \u015fi a domnit 13 ani \u015fi c\u0103, \u00een plus, nu se confirm\u0103 sus\u0163inerea \u2013 apar\u0163in\u00e2nd tot \u201eP\u0103rintelui istoriei biserice\u015fti\u201d \u2013 c\u0103 \u201en-a avut parte de urma\u015fi\u201d[7]<\/a>, din moment ce fiul s\u0103u omonim (Alexandru al IV-lea) a domnit p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 310\/309, c\u00e2nd a fost asasinat[8]<\/a>. Dac\u0103\u00a0 except\u0103m acestea, dat\u0103 fiind \u00eenclinarea spre fast a\u00a0 \u00eemp\u0103ratului Constantin I, nu ne mai surprinde faptul c\u0103 vicennalia<\/em> sau cei 20 de ani de domnie \u2013 de exemplu \u2013 au fost celebra\u021bi at\u00e2t \u00een 325, cu prilejul Primului Sinod ecumenic de la Niceea (Bitinia), c\u00e2t \u0219i \u00een anul 326[9]<\/a>; corect\u0103 \u2013 ultima aniversare[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Cu privire la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul ob\u0219tesc, petrecut la 22\u00a0 mai 337, s\u0103 ar\u0103t\u0103m c\u0103 din timp Constantin \u0219i-a preg\u0103tit \u201elocul de veci\u201d la ctitoria sa, biserica \u201eSf.Apostoli\u201d din Constantinopol. Dup\u0103 unii cercet\u0103tori moderni, ar fi vorba de un martirion<\/em> al celor 12 ucenici ai Domnului, un mausoleu circular zidit l\u00e2ng\u0103 absida altarului acelei bazilici constantiniene care ar fi fost terminat\u0103 de fiul lui Constantin, Constan\u0163iu II (337-361)[11]<\/a>. Cu totul altfel vorbe\u0219te despre aceea\u0219i biseric\u0103 Eusebie, preciz\u00e2nd c\u0103 evlaviosul Constantin a ridicat \u201ela mijloc un altar \u00eenconjurat de dou\u0103sprezece sarcofage \u0219i de coloane sfin\u021bite, pentru cinstirea \u0219i pomenirea cetei Apostolilor. \u00cen\u00a0 centrul lor pusese s\u0103-i fie a\u0219ezat propriul sarcofag, str\u0103juit de o parte \u0219i de cealalt\u0103 de c\u00e2te \u0219ase Apostoli…\u201d[12]<\/a>. Se\u00a0 \u0219tie\u00a0 c\u0103 unii c\u00e2rmuitori romani au fost \u00eenmorm\u00e2nta\u021bi \u00een mausolee, \u00eenzestrate cu statuile celor 12 zei mari ai mitologiei antice[13]<\/a>. Clement Alexandrinul \u0219i Sf. Ioan Hrisostom ne informeaz\u0103 c\u0103 senatul roman l-a proclamat pe Alexandru cel Mare drept al 13-lea zeu, dar este insolit\u0103\u00a0 aser\u021biunea lui Nichifor Calist Xanthopulos (+cca 1335) c\u0103 imperatorul Constantin a construit un altar dedicat celor 12 zei ![14]<\/a> Dimpotriv\u0103, \u021bin\u00e2nd cont de stadiul actual al investiga\u021biilor privind via\u021ba \u0219i opera lui Constantin, gestul s\u0103u \u00eel consider\u0103m ca fiind cre\u0219tinesc \u00eentr-un procent semnificativ \u0219i legat de bazilica \u00een cauz\u0103.<\/p>\n

\u00cen anul 356, respectiv 357, Constan\u0163iu al II-lea a depus moa\u0219tele Episcopului Timotei, Evanghelistului Luca \u0219i ale Apostolului Andrei sub altarul bisericii cu hramul \u201eSf. Apostoli\u201d[15]<\/a>. \u00cen 360 Macedonie, arhiepiscopul constantinopolitan, va scoate r\u0103m\u0103\u0219i\u021bele p\u0103m\u00e2nte\u0219ti ale \u00eemp\u0103ratului Constantin din bazilica \u201eapostolic\u0103\u201d, \u00een urma cutremurului din 358 care a avariat-o \u00een \u00eentregime[16]<\/a>. Demiterea liderului bisericesc de pe Bosfor (pnevmatomah) se datore\u0219te \u2013 credem \u2013 \u0219i acestei fapte, dar \u0219i altor abuzuri sau nelegiuiri de care s-a f\u0103cut vinovat[17]<\/a>. De notat c\u0103 la biserica \u201eSf. Irina\u201d(Aya Irini Kilisesi<\/em>; cu prim\u0103 funda\u021bie din\u00a0 timpul lui Constantin cel Mare) se conserv\u0103 \u00een curte un sarcofag din epoca aceluia\u0219i \u00eemp\u0103rat[18]<\/a>; nu se cunoa\u0219te ce oseminte ad\u0103poste\u0219te. \u00censemn\u0103ri ulterioare,\u00a0 din al XVI-lea veac, relateaz\u0103 despre transla\u021bia moa\u0219telor lui Constantin[19]<\/a>. S\u0103 amintim c\u0103 p\u0103rticele din acestea se p\u0103streaz\u0103 \u00een catedrala patriarhal\u0103 din Bucure\u0219ti[20]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

S-a ridicat problema dac\u0103 marele Constantin s-a cre\u0219tinat efectiv, sau nu. \u00centr-un dic\u021bionar de mitologie citim c\u0103 nu s-a convertit niciodat\u0103 la cre\u0219tinism[21]<\/a>, alega\u021bie pe c\u00e2t de izolat\u0103 \u2013 \u0219i stranie \u00een acela\u0219i timp \u2013, pe at\u00e2t de neverosimil\u0103 precum aceea c\u0103 personajul \u00eemp\u0103r\u0103tesc pomenit mai sus, ca bolnav de lepr\u0103, a fost botezat in extremis<\/em> de c\u0103tre papa Silvestru I[22]<\/a>. Mai cu seam\u0103 teologii \u2013 \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu Fericitul Ieronim(+420) \u2013 s-au str\u0103duit s\u0103 restabileasc\u0103 adev\u0103rul diacronic: respectivul conduc\u0103tor (nefiind vreodat\u0103 lepros) a primit botezul, \u00een pragul mor\u021bii cum mul\u021bi in\u015fi obi\u0219nuiau, de la arianul Eusebie al Nicomidiei[23]<\/a>. Acest act nu a \u00eensemnat convertirea propriu-zis\u0103 a lui Constantin, \u00eentruc\u00e2t c\u0103l\u0103uzirea sa c\u0103tre Evanghelie a purces cu mult\u0103 vreme \u00eenainte, cum vom vedea.<\/p>\n

Potrivit p\u0103rerii unor speciali\u0219ti, \u00eemp\u0103ratul \u2013 ini\u021bial adorator al Soarelui v\u0103zut\u00a0 \u0219i invincibil (Sol invictus<\/em>) \u2013\u00a0 a \u00eenceput s\u0103 se apropie de cre\u0219tin\u0103tate din preajma anului 306[24]<\/a>,\u00a0 \u00eenc\u00e2t nu se mai poate afirma c\u0103 \u00een 312[25]<\/a>, ori\u00a0 313[26]<\/a>, nu a fost cre\u0219tin; e necesar s\u0103 subliniem: nu deplin<\/em>. Altminteri, oponentul s\u0103u Maxen\u021biu \u2013 conform ultimelor cercet\u0103ri \u2013 s-a manifestat de asemenea ca \u0219i cre\u0219tin[27]<\/a>. \u00cencre\u0219tinarea lui Constantin se presupune c\u0103 s-a f\u0103cut progresiv[28]<\/a>. \u00cens\u0103\u0219i mama sa\u00a0 Elena, dup\u0103 toate probabilit\u0103\u0163ile\u00a0 de neam iudaic[29]<\/a>, nu fusese dintru \u00eenceput o urm\u0103toare a lui Hristos, cum m\u0103rturise\u0219te ritos Eusebie[30]<\/a>. Nu suntem de acord \u00eens\u0103 cu hiperbola eusebian\u0103 relativ\u0103 la \u201emarea cultur\u0103\u201d constantinian\u0103[31]<\/a>, nici cu supozi\u021bia unui bizantinolog britanic, c\u0103 \u00eemp\u0103ratul Constantin \u201enu avea cultur\u0103\u201d[32]<\/a>. Pled\u0103m \u2013 f\u0103r\u0103 a gre\u0219i, zicem noi \u2013 c\u0103 imperatorul despre care discut\u0103m era un ins cultivat, o personalitate. \u00cen privin\u021ba teologhisirii, impregnat\u0103 pe alocuri de devia\u021bii ariene, trebuie totu\u0219i s\u0103 recunoa\u0219tem c\u0103 nu s-a ridicat la nivelul atins de Iustinian I (527-565)[33]<\/a>.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Provenind dintr-o mam\u0103 dacic\u0103, \u00eenchin\u0103toare a lui Zamolxe[34]<\/a>, Galeriu \u2013\u00a0 \u00eemboln\u0103vit de\u00a0 cancer \u2013\u00a0 emisese \u00een anul 311 un edict de\u00a0 toleran\u021b\u0103 pentru cre\u0219tini, edict semnat \u0219i de Constantin,\u00a0 \u0219i de Liciniu (fusese de acord cu el \u0219i Maximin Daia, nepotul lui Galeriu)[35]<\/a>, dar cu consecin\u0163e reale pentru Biseric\u0103 va fi tocmai decretul lui Constantin cel Mare \u0219i Liciniu, publicat dup\u0103 \u00eentelegerea sau conven\u021bia de la Milano din februarie 313[36]<\/a>. Cum u\u0219or se constat\u0103, \u00eentre textul redat de Lactan\u021biu \u0219i cel reprodus de Eusebie exist\u0103 mici diferen\u021be[37]<\/a>. Prin decizia cu pricina, departe de a deveni cult de stat[38]<\/a>, religia cre\u0219tin\u0103 a dob\u00e2ndit privilegii deosebite[39]<\/a>, \u00een primul r\u00e2nd libertatea de manifestare[40]<\/a>. Autorizarea cre\u0219tinismului \u2013 care va avea un curs ascendent \u2013 nu a semnificat \u00eens\u0103 restr\u00e2ngerea ex abrupto<\/em> a p\u0103g\u00e2n\u0103t\u0103\u021bii, de\u0219i s-au luat unele m\u0103suri coercitive\u00a0 \u00een direc\u021bia aceasta[41]<\/a>. Ca ideologie, era vizat\u0103 \u00eendeosebi orientarea neoplatonic\u0103 ce sufer\u0103 restric\u021bii, ba chiar prigoan\u0103, \u00een special dup\u0103 dispari\u021bia filosofului Iamblichos (+330)[42]<\/a>. Urma\u0219ul acestuia, pe nume Sopatros, este executat anul urm\u0103tor\u00a0 la ordinul lui Constantinus Magnus[43]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Cu toate acestea, o anume reminiscen\u0163\u0103 p\u0103g\u00e2n\u0103 s-a men\u021binut \u00een hot\u0103r\u00e2rea constantinian\u0103 din 321, de a declara duminica zi de odihn\u0103 obligatorie, numind-o \u201evenerabila zi a Soarelui\u201d[44]<\/a>. Avem de-a face nu cu instituirea[45]<\/a>, ci cu generalizarea duminicii ca zi de repaus pentru to\u021bi locuitorii \u00eemp\u0103r\u0103\u021biei; cre\u0219tinii \u2013\u00a0 respect\u00e2nd\u00a0 dies Dominica <\/em>\u2013 se g\u00e2ndeau, evident, la \u201eSoarele drept\u0103\u021bii\u201d (Sol justitiae) <\/em>\u2013 Hristos (Sol salutis),<\/em> \u015fi nu la dies Solis<\/em>[46]<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n

La Sinodul niceean din 325 nu au participat 318 de sinodali \u2013 cifra simboliz\u00e2nd fie\u00a0 pe cei 318 servitori ai lui Avraam (Genez\u0103 14,14),\u00a0 fie\u00a0 evoc\u00e2nd criptic crucea \u015fi monograma lui Iisus [47]<\/a>\u2013 , ci un num\u0103r pendul\u00e2nd \u00eentre 220 \u0219i 300 de persoane (inclusiv horepiscopi et alii)<\/em>, aproximativ 1\/4 din \u00eentregul episcopat[48]<\/a>, a\u015fa c\u0103 apelativul \u201eecumenic\u201d[49]<\/a> poate\u00a0 fi admis doar largo sensu.<\/em> Iar Crezul, fixat cu acea ocazie (partea I), nu s-a bazat potrivit estim\u0103rilor recente pe Simbolul baptismal din Cezareea[50]<\/a>, ci pe cel din practica Ierusalimului[51]<\/a>. Pre\u0219edin\u021bia soborului\u00a0 o de\u021binea (\u00een principiu) \u00eemp\u0103ratul[52]<\/a>, \u00eens\u0103 \u00een majoritatea cov\u00e2r\u0219itoare a cazurilor \u0219edin\u021bele au fost conduse de pre\u0219edin\u021bi ecleziastici[53]<\/a>. Nu se poate accepta nici judecata c\u0103 prin atitudinea sa Constantin a pus bazele cezaropapismului institu\u021bionalizat[54]<\/a>; inadverten\u021ba acestui termen a fost examinat\u0103 de remarcan\u021bi bizantini\u0219ti \u0219i de al\u0163i herodo\u021bi[55]<\/a>. Pe urm\u0103, sintagma \u201eepiscop al treburilor din\u00a0 afar\u0103\u201d ale Bisericii (episkopos ton ektos)<\/em>[56]<\/a> din Vita Constantini<\/em>, ce se refer\u0103 la Constantin, nu suntem convin\u015fi\u00a0 c\u0103 s-a interpolat mai t\u00e2rziu[57]<\/a> precum alte\u00a0 elemente adause, dintre care indic\u0103m numai dou\u0103: titlurile\u00a0 capitolelor (kephalaia)<\/em>[58]<\/a> \u0219i punctul final din prezentarea prohodirii imperatorului cre\u0219tin,\u00a0 anume\u00a0 c\u0103 morm\u00e2ntul s\u0103u \u201ese vede chiar\u00a0 \u0219i acum \u201d ( sau \u201eazi\u201d): eiseti kai nyn<\/em> ;[59]<\/a>\u00a0 Eusebie scrisese \u201dVita\u201d \u00een grab\u0103,\u00a0 \u00een 338, \u00eendat\u0103 dup\u0103 decesul \u00eemp\u0103ratului. Fire\u0219te, nucleul eusebian al acestei Vie\u0163i <\/em>(\u00een esen\u021b\u0103, encomion sau panegiric) nu poate fi t\u0103g\u0103duit ; ast\u0103zi \u00een general, e acceptat\u0103 ca o scriere a \u201eHerodotului cre\u0219tin\u201d, de\u0219i au existat multe controverse legate de valoarea sa istoric\u0103[60]<\/a>. Deranja\u021bi sau dezgusta\u021bi de lingu\u0219irile ce le cuprinde, numero\u0219i critici s-au \u00eendoit de probitatea sa \u0219i chiar i-au negat autenticitatea. Vie\u021bile<\/em> ulterioare, care privesc pe Constantin \u0219i pe Elena, deseori au fost \u00eenfrumuse\u021bate cu descrieri legendare (povestea \u00eemboln\u0103virii suveranului de lepr\u0103, amintit\u0103 supra <\/em>, \u0219i altele)[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Privitor la audieni \u2013 de la Audios, originar din Mesopotamia, mai mult schismatic dec\u00e2t eretic[62]<\/a> \u2013, trebuie re\u021binut c\u0103 n-au fost exila\u021bi \u00een\u00a0 Dobrogea de azi pe timpul lui Constantin[63]<\/a>, ci mai t\u00e2rziu. C\u00e2t despre expresia: \u201e\u00eennoirea Constantinopolului\u201d din Sinaxarul ortodox[64]<\/a> s-ar cuveni ca ea s\u0103 fie \u00eenlocuit\u0103 cu vocabula \u201einaugurarea…\u201d, inaugurare oficiat\u0103 \u00een 11 mai (nu martie)[65]<\/a> din anul 330. \u00cen subsidiar, A Doua<\/em> sau Noua Rom\u0103\u00a0 <\/em>n-a fost la \u00eenceput fondat\u0103 pe 7 coline[66]<\/a>, ci pe 5[67]<\/a>. Mai mult, \u00eens\u0103\u0219i Universitatea din capitala bizantin\u0103 \u2013 ca structur\u0103 sau organizare, \u00een adev\u0103ratul sens al cuv\u00e2ntului \u2013 nu dateaz\u0103 din epoca lui Constantin[68]<\/a>, ci din anul 425[69]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

O alt\u0103 precizare se impune \u00een cazul a\u0219a-zisei Donatio<\/em> (sau Constitutum<\/em>) Constantini<\/em>, celebru fals fabricat \u00een a doua parte a veacului al VIII-lea[70]<\/a>; datarea sa \u00een \u201eepoca carolingian\u0103\u201d, datorat\u0103 unui autor contemporan nou\u0103[71]<\/a>, e prea\u00a0 vag\u0103. Primele piese ale legendei \u0219i-au f\u0103cut apari\u021bia \u00een Siria \u0219i Roma \u00een secolul\u00a0 al V-lea[72]<\/a>. \u00cen chip sui-generis, acea Donatio<\/em> s-a utilizat \u00een 754, c\u00e2nd s-a constituit statul papal[73]<\/a>. \u015ei unii bizantini au cunoscut aceast\u0103 plastografie[74]<\/a>. Prezen\u021ba ei (din 1551) \u00een legisla\u021bia eclezial\u0103 rus\u0103 denot\u0103 tendin\u021ba sacerdo\u021biului est-slav de a-\u0219i ap\u0103ra favorurile acordate de ascenden\u021bii lui Ivan cel Groaznic, concomitent urm\u0103rindu-se \u00eent\u0103rirea\u00a0 conceptului c\u0103\u00a0 Moscova ar fi \u201e a Treia Rom\u0103\u201d[75]<\/a>. De ad\u0103ugat c\u0103 dou\u0103 manuscrise, descoperite \u00een \u021aara Rom\u00e2neasc\u0103 la R\u00e2mnic, con\u021bin o t\u0103lm\u0103cire din jurul anului 1700 a acestui Constitutum<\/em>[76]<\/a>, <\/em>atribuit pe nedrept lui Constantin.<\/p>\n

\u00cen ceea ce prive\u0219te defectele \u0219i p\u0103catele[77]<\/a> acestui \u201dom extraordinar\u201d \u2013 cum \u00eel calific\u0103 un istoric din Secolul luminilor[78]<\/a> \u2013, nu le vom inventaria sau detalia, ci vom scoate \u00een relief doar faptul c\u0103 ele au fost eludate complet de Vita Constantini<\/em>\u00a0 care prezint\u0103 un suveran exemplar, des\u0103v\u00e2r\u0219it, prosl\u0103vit, sacralizat[79]<\/a>, dup\u0103 cum sacre erau considerate mai toate a\u0219ez\u0103mintele oficiale. Palatul \u2013 ca s\u0103 exemplific\u0103m \u2013 se chema \u201esacrum palatium\u201d. Persoana \u00eemp\u0103r\u0103teasc\u0103 era socotit\u0103 sacr\u0103 \u0219i tot ce era \u00een preajma sa, tot ceea ce f\u0103cea primea acest atribut. De altfel, noua concep\u021bie a autorit\u0103\u021bii suverane (adoratio<\/em>\u2013proskynesis)<\/em>[80]<\/a> se anun\u021ba de mult, iar Bizan\u021bul va definitiva aceast\u0103 transformare\u2013apoteoz\u0103 imperial\u0103. Monarhul Constantin era apreciat c\u0103 are \u201edivin\u0103 \u00eenvestitur\u0103\u201d[81]<\/a>, altfel zis\u00a0 \u201c\u00eencununare dumnezeiasc\u0103\u201d[82]<\/a>, c\u0103 \u2013 pe p\u0103m\u00e2nt \u2013 este loc\u0163iitorul\u00a0 \u0219i prietenul unicului Dumnezeu[83]<\/a>. De re\u021binut c\u0103 imnuri la adresa sa apar doar din secolul al V-lea[84]<\/a>, c\u00e2nd a fost etichetat \u0219i isapostolos <\/em>(ca \u0219i mama sa), adic\u0103 ni\u0219te \u00eemp\u0103ra\u021bi \u201easemenea cu Apostolii\u201d[85]<\/a>, aceasta \u201c\u00eentr-un sens mai larg, \u0219i anume ocrotitori ai Bisericii, lupt\u0103tori pentru [\u2026] unitatea Bisericii\u201d[86]<\/a> ( cu unele excep\u021bii, c\u00e2nd Constantin s-a manifestat \u2013 influen\u021bat de unii colaboratori \u2013 ca antiortodox)[87]<\/a>. Apostoli <\/em>, iar\u0103\u0219i prin extrapolare, au fost denumite \u0219i unele personaje din perioada neotestamentar\u0103 sau imediat urm\u0103toare[88]<\/a>; \u00een Imperiul Bizantin, \u0219i mai t\u00e2rziu[89]<\/a>. Secolul al VIII-lea aduce m\u0103rturii sigure c\u0103 numele lui Constantin deja p\u0103trunsese \u00een calendarul ortodox[90]<\/a>; cel siro-iacobit la fel \u00eel inserase\u00a0 \u00een r\u00e2ndul sfin\u021bilor[91]<\/a>. De subliniat c\u0103 Biserica romano-catolic\u0103 nu \u00eei recunoa\u0219te ctitorului \u201eNoii Rome\u201d sfin\u021benia[92]<\/a>, \u00eens\u0103 \u00een Veacul de Mijloc, Sf\u00e2nta Elena era s\u0103rb\u0103torit\u0103 \u2013 la diferite date \u2013 \u00een unele comunita\u021bi cre\u0219tine din Ungaria, Germania, Europa apusean\u0103[93]<\/a>. Iar ast\u0103zi, exclusiv Sf. Elena \u2013 cum citim pe internet \u2013 este venerat\u0103 \u00een \u00eentreaga Biseric\u0103 romano-catolic\u0103.<\/p>\n

Totu\u0219i, \u201emodelul Constantin\u201d a persistat at\u00e2t la Bizan\u021b \u2013 11 bazilei vor prelua numele s\u0103u[94]<\/a> \u2013, c\u00e2t \u0219i \u00een alte zone, implicit \u00een Occident[95]<\/a>, totodat\u0103 \u0219i pe p\u0103m\u00e2nt rom\u00e2nesc. Dup\u0103 ce Constantin, ca \u201eal Doilea Traian\u201d, recucerise o parte \u00eensemnat\u0103 din Dacia Traian\u0103[96]<\/a> \u0219i purtase \u0219i titlul triumfal de \u201eDacicus maximus\u201d (\u00een memoria \u00eenfrunt\u0103rilor cu dacii liberi[97]<\/a>), \u00een r\u0103stimpul feudal nu pu\u021bini domni rom\u00e2ni \u2013 bun\u0103oar\u0103, \u0218tefan cel Mare \u2013 se socoteau urma\u0219ii lui Constantin I-ul, ca exponen\u021bi \u201eai unui spirit bizantin ortodox mai \u00eent\u00e2i de toate, ca p\u0103zitori ai Bisericii str\u0103mo\u0219e\u0219ti…\u201d[98]<\/a>. \u00cen Principate, \u00eentre anul 1607 \u0219i Marea Unire (1918) sunt cunoscu\u021bi zece domnitori cu acest nume, dintre care men\u021bion\u0103m exclusiv pe Constantin Br\u00e2ncoveanu[99]<\/a>. Unele teme referitoare la via\u021ba lui Constantin cel Mare au intrat \u00een pictura rom\u00e2neasc\u0103 (ca, de pild\u0103, Cavalcada sfin\u021bilor militari<\/em> de la P\u0103tr\u0103u\u021bi, cu un clar mesaj de lupt\u0103 antiotoman\u0103)[100]<\/a> \u0219i, \u00een m\u0103sur\u0103 mai accentuat\u0103, \u00een literatura noastr\u0103 \u2013 c\u0103rtur\u0103reasc\u0103 \u0219i folcloric\u0103 \u2013 din epoca Rena\u0219terii[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00cen fine, din punct de vedere iconografic este de remarcat \u00eemprejurarea c\u0103 pictorii de la noi[102]<\/a>, ori din exterior[103]<\/a>, nu-l zugr\u0103vesc prea fidel pe Sf. Constantin care \u2013 de obicei \u2013 nu purta barb\u0103[104]<\/a>. E adev\u0103rat c\u0103 erminia picturii bizantine recomand\u0103 pictarea lui ca un \u201et\u00e2n\u0103r cu barba dint\u00e2i\u201d[105]<\/a>, cu barba m\u0103runt\u0103 \u2013 cum l-a \u00eenregistrat uneori istoria artei antice[106]<\/a>; \u00een genere era portretizat imberb, ca \u0219i Traian\u2013omologul s\u0103u[107]<\/a>. Cel mai apropiat de realitate ni se pare chipul constantinian sculptat, din cadrul statuii de la vechea bazilic\u0103 din Lateran[108]<\/a>. Iar figura Sfintei \u00a0Elena ar trebui s\u0103 aib\u0103 \u0219i ea o asem\u0103nare cu cea din\u00a0 Galeria Uffizi (Floren\u021ba)[109]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Vom conchide c\u0103 \u00eemp\u0103ratul Constantin I, \u00een pofida criticilor \u2013 mai mult sau mai pu\u021bin \u00eentemeiate, formulate de unii autori[110]<\/a> \u2013, a r\u0103mas Mare<\/em> \u00een istorie prin dou\u0103 ac\u021biuni memorabile: Edictul de la Mediolanum, care garanta liberul exerci\u021biu pentru \u201eReligia iubirii\u201d \u015fi \u00eentemeierea Constantinopolului, \u201e\u00eemp\u0103r\u0103teasa cet\u0103\u0163ilor\u201d,\u00a0 capital\u0103 a Bizan\u021bului (p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 1453) care \u201ea fost centrul unei civiliza\u021bii admirabile, cea mai rafinat\u0103 \u0219i cea mai elegant\u0103 pe care a cunoscut-o timp \u00eendelungat Evul Mediu\u201d[111]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

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[1]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009 I. I. Russu Elemente traco-getice <\/em>\u00een Imperiul roman <\/em>\u0219i <\/em>\u00een Byzantium (veacurile III-VII), <\/em>Ed. Academiei, Bucure\u015fti 1976, p. 47, 51, 52, 56, 57 et passim; <\/em>I.R\u0103mureanu, Constantin cel Mare <\/em>\u0219i cre<\/em>\u0219tinismul,<\/em> \u00een \u201e Istoria\u00a0 Bisericeasc\u0103 Universal\u0103\u201d, I, ed. a 3-a , EIBMBOR, Bucure\u0219ti 1987, p.147-155; V.Muntean, Istoria cre<\/em>\u0219tin\u0103 general\u0103, <\/em>\u00a0I, EIBMBOR, Bucure\u0219ti 2008, p.135-139 (cu bibliografie\u00a0 str\u0103in\u0103 mai nou\u0103). \u00cen rom\u00e2ne\u0219te, cea mai izbutit\u0103 \u2013 \u0219i\u00a0 unica \u2013 monografie privind subiectul prezent, r\u0103m\u00e2ne cea elaborat\u0103 de I.Barnea \u0219i Oct.Iliescu, Constantin cel Mare<\/em>, Ed. \u0218tiin\u021bific\u0103 \u0219i Enciclopedic\u0103, Bucure\u0219ti 1982.<\/p>\n

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[2]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009 I. I. Russu, op.cit.,<\/em>p.51 \u0219i n. 91; <\/em>M. Kaplan, Bizan<\/em>\u021b <\/em>(trad.rom.), Ed. Nemira, Bucure\u0219ti 2010, p. 4.<\/p>\n

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[3]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009 Eusebiu de Cezareea, Via<\/em>\u021ba lui Constantin cel Mare. Studiu introductiv <\/em>\u00a0de Em. Popescu (trad. R. Alexandrescu), EIBMBOR, Bucure\u0219ti 1991 (edi\u0163ia a 2-a, \u00een Ed. Basilica a Patriarhiei Rom\u00e2ne,\u00a0 Bucure\u015fti 2012;\u00a0 doar c\u00e2nd apar deosebiri esen\u0163iale, cit\u0103m \u015fi aceast\u0103 edi\u0163ie). Eusebie nu este \u201ep\u0103rinte al Bisericii\u201d, cum citim \u00een lucrarea lui G. Mih\u0103il\u0103, Cultur\u0103 <\/em>\u0219i literatur\u0103 rom\u00e2n\u0103 veche \u00een context european. Studii <\/em>\u0219i texte, <\/em>Ed. \u0218tiin\u021bific\u0103 \u0219i Enciclopedic\u0103, Bucure\u0219ti 1979, p. 255 (n.3), sau \u00een \u201eThe Oxford Dictionary of Bizantium\u201d (ed. Al. Kazhdan et alii), <\/em>III, Oxford University Press, New York – Oxford 1991, p.1552 (\u00een continuare: ODB).<\/p>\n

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[4]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009 E. Gibbon,\u00a0 Istoria declinului <\/em>\u0219i a pr\u0103bu<\/em>\u0219irii Imperiului roman<\/em> (trad. rom.), II, Ed. Minerva, Bucure\u0219ti 1976, p. 51. H. Chadwick (\u00een The Church in Ancient Society. From Galilee to Gregory the\u00a0 Great<\/em>, University\u00a0 Press, Oxford 2001, p. 210)\u00a0 opineaz\u0103 c\u0103 \u00eemp\u0103ratul Constantin ar fi trecut \u00een eternitate la cca\u00a0 65 de ani.<\/p>\n

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[5]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009 Eusebiu, Via\u0163a lui Constantin<\/em>… (cit.), p. 66. Vezi \u015fi Eusebius, Life of Constantine<\/em> ( <\/em>introducere, traducere \u015fi comentariu de A. Cameron \u015fi S.Hall), University Press, Oxford 1999.<\/p>\n

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[6]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a> Eusebiu, Via<\/em>\u0163a lui Constantin<\/em>, p. 65.<\/p>\n

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[7]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a> Ibidem,\u00a0 <\/em>p. 66.<\/p>\n

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[8]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a> H.Matei, O istorie a lumii antice<\/em>, Ed. Albatros, Bucure\u0219ti 1984, p. 236 \u0219i 264.<\/p>\n

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[9]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a> N. Chif\u0103r, \u00a0Istoria cre<\/em>\u0219tinismului<\/em>, II, Ed. Trinitas, Ia\u015fi 2000, p. 28;\u00a0 I. Barnea (colab.), \u00a0op. cit.,<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0 p. 47.<\/p>\n

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[10]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a> Ca prim\u0103 referin\u021b\u0103 bibliografic\u0103, pentru sinodul niceean, H. G. Beck, Kirche und teologische Literatur im byzantinischen Reich, <\/em>C.H. Beck\u2019sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, M\u00fcnchen 1959, p. 44. La moartea p\u0103rintelui s\u0103u\u00a0 Constan\u021biu Chlorus (25 iulie 306), Constantin a fost proclamat \u00a0augustus <\/em>de c\u0103tre legiuni; H.Chadwick , op.cit.,<\/em> p.181.<\/p>\n

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[11]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a> I.Barnea, op. cit., <\/em>p. 81-82; G. Downey, Constantinople in the Age of Justinian <\/em>, University Press, Oklahoma\u00a0 1968, p.103; Ch.Delvoye,\u00a0 Arta bizantin\u0103<\/em> (trad. rom.),\u00a0 I, Ed. Meridiane, Bucure\u0219ti 1976, p. 87; ODB, II, p. 940.<\/p>\n

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[12]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a> Eusebiu, Via<\/em>\u0163a lui Constantin, <\/em>p.182. A se revedea \u2013 pentru descrierea sub raport arhitectural a sf. l\u0103ca\u0219, cu intercal\u0103ri de texte grece\u0219ti corespunz\u0103toare \u2013 H. Holtzinger, \u00a0Die altchristliche\u00a0 Architektur,<\/em> Verlag von Ebner-Seubert, Stuttgart 1889, p. 55 ,149, 207, 211. Totu\u0219i, J. McGuckin, \u00een Semnele \u00cemp\u0103r\u0103<\/em>\u021biei <\/em>( trad. rom.), <\/em>I, Ed. Marineasa, Timi\u0219oara 2003, p. 95, noteaz\u0103 c\u0103 pe timpul Sf.Grigorie Teologul (\u2020389) biserica \u015fi mausoleul erau distincte.<\/p>\n

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[13]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a> L.Benoist, Semne, simboluri <\/em>\u015fi mituri<\/em> (trad.rom.), Ed. Humanitas, Bucure\u0219ti 1995, p. 88.<\/p>\n

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[14]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009 H. Chadwick, op. cit., <\/em>p. 210 \u0219i 211; ODB, III, p. 2207.<\/p>\n

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[15]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009 G. Downey, op.cit., <\/em>p. 104. ODB, II, p. 940, cum grano salis<\/em>, \u00eei nume\u0219te \u2013 pe to\u021bi trei \u2013\u00a0 \u201eapostoli\u201d.<\/p>\n

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[16]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009 J. McGuckin op.cit.,<\/em>p. 93-94. Un alt seism va distruge, \u00een anul 1766, \u0219i moscheea sultanului Mehmed Cuceritorul care o zidise pe locul bisericii cu hramul \u201eSf.Apostoli\u201d; T. Can, Istanbul. \u201ePorte\u201d de l\u2019Orient,<\/em> Ed. Orient, Istanbul 1990, p. 66.<\/p>\n

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[17]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009 R. Rus, Dic\u0163ionar enciclopedic de literatur\u0103 cre\u015ftin\u0103 din primul mileniu ,<\/em>Ed. Lidia, Bucure\u015fti\u00a0 2003, p.522.<\/p>\n

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[18]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009 T. Can, op.cit.,<\/em>p.58.<\/p>\n

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[19]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009 D. Russo, Studii istorice greco-rom\u00e2ne. Opere postume, <\/em>I, Funda\u021bia pentru literatur\u0103 \u0219i art\u0103, Bucure\u0219ti 1939, p.71, 81 \u0219i 99. A se vedea \u0219i St.Runciman, C\u0103derea Constantinopolului<\/em>\u00a0 (trad. Al. Elian),\u00a0 Ed. \u0218tiin\u021bific\u0103, Bucure\u0219ti 1971, p. 211 (despre Ghenadie Scholarios, \u00eent\u00e2iul patriarh ecumenic de \u201esub umbra Semilunii\u201d, \u0219i despre moa\u0219tele ce le poseda \u2013 catedral\u0103\u00a0 patriarhal\u0103 acum \u2013\u00a0 \u201eSf. Apostoli\u201d.<\/p>\n

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[20]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009\u00a0 Enciclopedia Ortodoxiei rom\u00e2ne<\/em>\u0219ti <\/em>(coord. Mircea P\u0103curariu), EIBMO,\u00a0 Bucure\u0219ti 2010, p. 137.<\/p>\n

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[21]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009 V. Kernbach, Dic<\/em>\u021bionar de mitologie general\u0103<\/em>, Ed. \u0218tiin\u021bific\u0103\u00a0 \u0219i\u00a0 Enciclopedic\u0103,\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Bucure\u0219ti 1989, p. 122.\u00a0 \u00cenc\u0103 bizantinistul francez A. Ducellier (Bizantinii, <\/em>trad. rom., Ed. Teora,\u00a0 Bucure\u015fti 1997, p. 75),\u00a0 se arat\u0103\u00a0 suficient de sceptic, not\u00e2nd c\u0103 \u201enu putem fi siguri c\u0103 \u00eemp\u0103ratul a fost botezat vreodat\u0103\u201d.<\/p>\n

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[22]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009 G. Mih\u0103il\u0103, op. cit<\/em>, p. 230 \u0219i 257; Matei al Ciprului, \u0218iragul m\u0103rg\u0103ritarului\u00a0 sau\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 hronicul \u00eemp\u0103ra<\/em>\u021bilor cre<\/em>\u0219tini ai Bizan<\/em>\u021bului,<\/em> ed. D. Chican, Ed. Cuget\u00a0 Rom\u00e2nesc, 2009, p. 62-63; ODB, III, p. 1900. Acest neadev\u0103r a fost \u00eemprumutat, f\u0103r\u0103 spirit critic, de sinaxarele grec \u0219i rom\u00e2nesc.<\/p>\n

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[23]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009 Iat\u0103 ce limpede spune Ieronim: \u201eConstantinus […] ab Eusebio\u00a0 Nicomediensi episcopo baptizatus\u201d <\/em>(citat de D. Buda, \u00een \u201eRevista Teologic\u0103\u201d, 3\/2006, p. 41, n. 33). \u00cen plus : I. G. Coman, Patrologie<\/em>, III, EIBMBOR, Bucure\u0219ti 1988, p. 210; I. Barnea, op.cit<\/em>., p.49 (ierarhul botez\u0103tor n-a fost semiarian \u2013 cum citim \u00een pagina aceasta, 49 \u2013, ci arian. \u201eSemiarian\u201d apare \u0219i la N.Chif\u0103r, Constantin cel Mare <\/em>\u2013 \u00a0primul \u00eemp\u0103rat cre<\/em>\u0219tin, 1700 de ani de la urcarea sa pe tron<\/em>, \u00een \u201eRevista Teologic\u0103\u201d\u00a0 3\/2006, p. 29);\u00a0 P.Lemerle, Istoria\u00a0 Bizan<\/em>\u021bului <\/em>(trad. rom.), Ed. Teora, Bucure\u0219ti 1998, p. 26; H. Chadwick, op.cit., <\/em>p.210.<\/p>\n

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[24]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009 Eusebiu, Via<\/em>\u021ba lui Constantin<\/em>, p.75-76; H.Chadwick ,op.cit<\/em>., p.186, 206; W.Treadgold, O istorie a statului <\/em>\u0219i societ\u0103<\/em>\u021bii bizantine<\/em>(trad.rom.),\u00a0 Institutul European, Ia\u0219i 2004, p. 45.<\/p>\n

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[25]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009 Atunci, cum se \u0219tie, a avut loc conflictul armat cu Maxen\u021biu, la Pons Milvius ce \u00eenseamn\u0103 \u201ePodul Uliului\u201d, nu al \u201e\u0218oimului\u201d (I. Barnea, op.cit<\/em>., p. 34); sau, mai cur\u00e2nd, Mulvius pons<\/em>\u2013podul lui Mulviu (G. Gu\u021bu, Dic<\/em>\u021bionar latin-rom\u00e2n, <\/em>Ed.\u0218tiin\u021bific\u0103 \u015fi Enciclopedic\u0103, Bucure\u0219ti 1983, p.752 \u015fi 772).\u00a0 La vremea sa , reputatul istoric\u00a0 german Th. Mommsen credea c\u0103 Marele Constantin, \u00een 312, \u201enu mai era p\u0103g\u00e2n, dar \u00eenc\u0103 nu cre\u0219tin\u201d (citat de D. Buda, \u00een \u201eRevista Teologic\u0103\u201d, 3\/2006, p. 41, n.31). A. Toynbee (\u00een L\u2019histoire,<\/em> Elsevier S\u00e9quola, Paris-Bruxelles, 1978, p. 400) scrie despre Constantin\u00a0 c\u0103,\u00a0 tot \u00een anul 312, era \u201e semi-convertit\u201d. A se vedea \u0219i N. B\u0103nescu, Istoria Imperiului bizantin, <\/em>\u00a0I\u00a0 (ed. T. Teoteoi), Ed. Anastasia, Bucure\u0219ti\u00a0 2000, p. 59 (autorul rom\u00e2n prezint\u0103 \u0219i punctul de vedere al\u00a0 lui H.Gr\u00e9goire ); M. Eliade, Istoria credin<\/em>\u021belor <\/em>\u0219i ideilor religioase <\/em>(trad.rom.), II, Ed. \u0218tiin\u021bific\u0103 \u0219i Enciclopedic\u0103,\u00a0 Bucure\u0219ti 1986, p. 512, n. 239 (cu reflec\u021bii interesante, demne de luat \u00een seam\u0103, privind momentul 312<\/em> , cu \u201e viziunile\u201d sale contradictorii); A. Gabor, Biseric\u0103 <\/em>\u0219i\u00a0 Stat \u00een timpul lui Teodosie cel Mare<\/em>, Ed. Bizantin\u0103, Bucure\u0219ti, f.a., p. 25-27.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[26]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009 Anul a\u0219a-numitului (a\u0219a-zisului, dup\u0103 al\u021bi istorici) Edict de la Mediolanum. Un herodot contemporan cu noi, M. Kaplan (op.cit.<\/em>, p.209) surprinz\u0103tor lanseaz\u0103 aceast\u0103 apreciere: \u201ec\u00e2nd \u00eentemeiaz\u0103 Constantinopolul, inaugurat \u00een 330, Constantin \u2013 care a autorizat cre\u0219tinismul \u00een 313 \u2013 \u00eenc\u0103 nu este cre\u0219tin\u201d.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[27]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009 A. Gabor. op.cit.,<\/em> p. 20 \u0219i urm. (cu literatur\u0103 de specialitate); vezi \u015fi ODB, II, p.1321.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[28]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009 I.\u00a0 Barnea, op. cit.<\/em>, p.68 \u015fi urm.;\u00a0 P. Lemerle, op. cit.<\/em>,\u00a0 p. 23;\u00a0 H.Chadwick, op.cit.,<\/em> p. 207-211;<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[29]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009 ODB, II, p. 909 (cu trimiteri bibliografice). \u00cen rom\u00e2n\u0103: D. Tudor, Femei vestite<\/em> din lumea antic\u0103,<\/em> Bucure\u0219ti 1972, p. 361-369; I. I. Russu, op.cit.,<\/em> p.50-51.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[30]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009 \u00a0Eusebiu, Via<\/em>\u021ba lui Constantin, <\/em>p. 144.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[31]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009 Ibidem,<\/em>p.73.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[32]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009 E. Gibbon, op.cit., <\/em>p. 45.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[33]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009 ODB, II, p.1083-1084; V. Muntean, Scrieri teologice \u015fi istorice,<\/em> Ed. Diecezan\u0103, Caransebe\u015f 2012, p. 76-80.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[34]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009 \u00censu\u015fi \u00a0Eusebie (op.cit<\/em>., p.229), \u00eentr-un anumit context, \u00eenregistreaz\u0103 numele zeului suprem al daco-ge\u021bilor, despre care am oferit\u00a0 am\u0103nunte \u00een volumele proprii, Spiritualitate<\/em> bizantin\u0103 <\/em>\u0219i rom\u00e2neasc\u0103, <\/em>Ed. Marineasa,Timi\u0219oara 2004, p. 217-221, \u0219i Exegeze<\/em> istorice \u015fi teologice <\/em>(aceea\u0219i editur\u0103), Timi\u0219oara\u00a0 2005, p.7-10. S\u0103 se vad\u0103 \u015fi I. I. Russu, op.cit.<\/em>, p. 45: \u201eerat mater eius deorum montium cultrix\u201d (este citat Lactan\u021biu); I. C. Dr\u0103gan, Mileniul imperial al Daciei, <\/em>Ed. \u0218tiin\u021bific\u0103 \u0219i Enciclopedic\u0103, Bucure\u0219ti 1986, p. 232-234.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[35]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009 ODB; II, sub voce; <\/em>H. I. Marrou, Biserica \u00een Antichitatea t\u00e2rzie (303-604), <\/em>trad. rom., Ed. Teora, Bucure\u0219ti 1999, p. 23-24; H.Chadwick, op.cit.<\/em>, p.183; <\/em>A. Gabor, op.cit.<\/em>, p.24.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[36]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009 R. Browning, In This Sign Shalt Thou Conquer,<\/em> \u201eMilestones of History, II. The Fires of Faith\u201d, Ed. Fr. Heer, Londra 1970, p. 15; H. Chadwick, op. cit.<\/em>, p.187; ODB,I, sub verbo.<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[37]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009 A se compara Lactantius,\u00a0 De mortibus persecutorum <\/em>(trad. rom.,\u00a0 Timi\u0219oara 2000, p. 222\u2013 229: \u201edecretum\u00a0 pro christianae religionis libertate\u201d), cu Eusebiu\u00a0 de Cezareea, Istoria bisericeasc\u0103\u00a0 <\/em>(trad.T.Bodogae),\u00a0 EIBMBOR,\u00a0 Bucure\u0219ti\u00a0 1987, p. 379-381; A. Gabor, op. cit.<\/em>, p. 29 \u015fi urm. (comentariu).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[38]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009 Cum au scris, \u00eentre al\u021bii, Ch. Diehl, Istoria Imperiului bizantin<\/em> ( trad. rom.), Ed. Scorilo, Craiova 1999, p. 23; I. C. Dr\u0103gan, Mileniul …<\/em>, p. 233; acela\u0219i autor (\u00een \u00a0Imperiul romano-trac<\/em>, sic!, Ed. Europa Nova, Bucure\u0219ti 2000, p.19) \u00ee\u0219i nuan\u021beaz\u0103 afirma\u021bia.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[39]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009\u00a0 I. Barnea, op. cit., <\/em>p.70 \u015fi urm.; A. Gabor, op.cit., <\/em>p. 30 \u015fi urm.; V. Muntean,\u00a0 Byzantium and the Romanians<\/em>, EIBMO, Bucure\u0219ti 2009, p. 62.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[40]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009\u00a0 Medita\u021bii\u00a0 pre\u021bioase la N. Iorga, Evolu<\/em>\u021bia ideii de libertate<\/em>\u00a0 (ed. I. B\u0103descu), Ed. Meridiane, Bucure\u0219i 1987, p. 133-135.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[41]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009 \u00a0Em.\u00a0 Popescu,\u00a0 Studiu introductiv <\/em>(citat la n.3, supra<\/em>), p. 34; I. Barnea, op. cit<\/em>., p.71-73; H. Chadwick, \u00a0op.cit., <\/em>p. 207-209. \u00cenc\u0103 util\u0103 \u2013 \u00een unele privin\u021be\u00a0 \u2013 vechea lucrare a lui G.Boissier, La fin du paganisme, <\/em>Librairie Hachette, Paris 1991 (passim).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[42]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Histoire de la Philosophie,\u00a0 <\/em>I (coord. B. Parain), \u00c9d. Gallimard, Paris 1969, p. 908-911; ODB, II , p. 969.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[43]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009\u00a0 I. C. Dr\u0103gan\u00a0 Imperiul romano-trac<\/em>, p. 37 (\u00een schimb dup\u0103 I. Barnea, op cit., <\/em>p. 71, Sopater era \u201e\u00een mare cinste\u201d).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[44]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009\u00a0 O. Drimba, Istoria culturii <\/em>\u0219i civiliza<\/em>\u021biei<\/em>, III, Ed. \u0218tiin\u021bific\u0103, Bucure\u0219ti 1990, p.21.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[45]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009 P. Chuvin, Constantin instituie repausul duminical<\/em>, \u00een vol. \u201eOriginile cre\u0219tinismului\u201d (trad. rom.), Ed. Polirom, Ia\u0219i 2002, p. 390.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[46]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009 \u00a0I. Barnea, op.cit., <\/em>p. 42 \u0219i 65; M.Kaplan, op.cit., <\/em>p. 195-196; ODB, III, p. 19-24.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[47]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009 G. Mih\u0103il\u0103, op.cit<\/em>., p. 243-244, n. 6; H. Chadwick, op.cit.,<\/em> p.198.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[48]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009 M. Siuzumov, \u00een Istoria Vizantii,<\/em> I (red. resp. Z. Udal\u021bova), Ed. Nauka, Moscova 1967, p.156-169; V. Muntean, Istoria cre<\/em>\u0219tin\u0103\u00a0 general\u0103<\/em>, p.167; Idem, Scrieri teologice <\/em>\u0219i istorice<\/em>, p. 58 (cu bibliografie).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[49]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009\u00a0 H. Chadwick, op. cit<\/em>., p. 205-206.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[50]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009 Gh. Istodor, Importan<\/em>\u021ba Sinodului I Ecumenic pentru misiunea Bisericii<\/em>, \u00een Studii teologice dedicate P\u0103rintelui profesor M. P\u0103curariu, Ed. Andreiana, Sibiu 2007, p. 354.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[51]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009\u00a0 ODB, II, p. 1465; E. Farrugia, \u00een\u00a0 Dic<\/em>\u021bionarul enciclopedic al R\u0103s\u0103ritului cre<\/em>\u0219tin<\/em>\u00a0 (coord. acela\u0219i), trad. rom., T\u00e2rgu L\u0103pu\u0219 2005, p. 532. A se vedea \u0219i A. M. Ritter, Noch einmal: \u201eWas hat das Nicaeno-Constantinopolitanum (C)mit dem Konzil von Konstantinopel zu tun?\u201d<\/em>, \u00een \u201ePersoan\u0103 \u0219i comuniune\u201d\u00a0 (vol. omagial Dumitru St\u0103niloae), Ed. Arhidiecezan\u0103 , Sibiu 1993, p. 508-520.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[52]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009\u00a0 M. Kaplan, op.cit., <\/em>p. 121-211.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[53]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009 I. R\u0103mureanu, op.cit.<\/em>, p. 316; Em. Popescu,\u00a0 Studiu introductiv, <\/em>p. 10, 11 \u0219i 17; I. G. Coman, \u00a0Patrologie<\/em>, III, p. 511; W. Treadgold, op.cit., <\/em>p. 56, \u00eel distinge pe Hosius de Cordoba.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[54]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009\u00a0 Ch. Diehl, op.cit., <\/em>p.23; C. Capizzi, \u00een Dic<\/em>\u021bionarul enciclopedic al R\u0103s\u0103ritului cre<\/em>\u0219tin<\/em>, p. 192; \u00eenc\u0103:\u00a0 ODB, I, p. 364-365 (pentru istoricul chestiunii).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[55]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009 D. Geanakoplos, Byzantine East and Latin West. Two Worlds of Christendom in Middle Ages and Renaissance,<\/em> Basil Blackwell, Oxford 1966, p. 55-83;\u00a0 H\u00e9l\u00e8ne <\/em>Ahrweiler, L\u00b4id\u00e9ologie politique de l\u00b4Empire byzantin,<\/em> Presses Universitaires de <\/em>France, Paris 1975, p. 130, 132 \u015fi 139. Un scurt comentariu am dat \u00een Bizantinologie, <\/em>I, Ed. Arhidiecezan\u0103, Timi\u0219oara 1999, p. 52-53 ( pornind de la competenta analiz\u0103 a <\/em>lui D.Obolensky din: M. Knowles \u0219i D. Obolensky, Le moyen <\/em>\u00e2ge, <\/em>Paris 1968= vol.2 <\/em>din colec\u021bia \u201eNouvelle histoire de l\u00b4\u00c9glise\u201d). <\/em>Remarcabil este \u0219i volumul lui <\/em>G. Dagron, Empereur et pr\u00eatre. <\/em>\u00c9tude sur le \u201ec\u00e9saropapisme\u201d byzantin, <\/em>Ed. Gallimard, Paris 1996.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[56]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009 \u00a0O prezentare larg\u0103 \u0219i edificatoare, la dl . Prof. Em. Popescu, Studiu introductiv<\/em>, p. 35-37 (ed. a 2-a, p. 46-47).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[57]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009 Ibidem<\/em>, p. 35, n.113 (este redat\u0103 opinia exacerbat\u0103 a lui W. Seston, Constantine as a Bishop<\/em>, \u201eJournal of Roman\u00a0 Studies\u201d, 37,1947, p.131).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[58]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009 \u00a0Ibidem,<\/em> p. 28-29 \u0219i n. 84 (se reproduce aprecierea concludent\u0103 a lui Fr. Winkelmann din studiul s\u0103u: Eusebius, \u00dcber das Leben des Kaisers Konstantin<\/em>, I\/1, Akademie Verlag, Berlin 1975, p. XLVIII-XLIX.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[59]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009\u00a0 Ibidem, <\/em>p. 37 \u015fi n.124 (e vorba de\u00a0 opinia avizat\u0103 a unor\u00a0 speciali\u0219ti).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[60]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009\u00a0 ODB, III, p. 2181.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[61]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009 Ibidem<\/em>. A se vedea\u00a0 \u0219i H. G. Beck, op. Cit.,<\/em> p. 220; R. P\u0103un, \u201eLa couronne est \u00e0 Dieu\u201d. Neagoe\u00a0 Basarab ( 1512-1521) et l\u00b4image du\u00a0 pouvoir p\u00e9nitent<\/em>, \u00een cartea <\/em>\u201eL\u00b4empereur\u00a0 hagiographe.\u00a0 Culte des saints et monarchie byzantine et post-byzantine\u201d ( ed. P.Guran \u0219i B.Flusin), Colegiul Noua Europ\u0103, 2001, p. 207-208 (coroana i-a adus-o lui Constantin cel Mare un arhanghel din cer).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[62]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009 V. Muntean, Byzantium and the Romanians<\/em>, p. 39 \u0219i 41; N. Zugravu, Erezii <\/em>\u0219i schisme la Dun\u0103rea Mijlocie <\/em>\u0219i de Jos \u00een mileniul I<\/em>, Ed. Presa Bun\u0103, Ia\u0219i 1999, p.122 <\/em>\u0219i urm.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[63]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009\u00a0 I. Barnea, op. cit<\/em>., p. 46; R. Rus, op. cit<\/em>., p.91.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[64]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009\u00a0 Liturghier<\/em>, Ed. Patriarhiei,\u00a0 Bucure\u0219ti, 2008, p. 558.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[65]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009\u00a0 M. Kaplan, op. cit.<\/em>, p.190 ( posibil s\u0103 fie o eroare de tipar).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[66]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009\u00a0 I. Barnea, op.cit.<\/em>,\u00a0 p. 53; V. Muntean, Bizantinologie, <\/em>I, p. 57; M. Kaplan, op.cit.<\/em>, p. 67.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[67]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009\u00a0 I. Barnea, op. cit.<\/em>,\u00a0 p. 54, n. 10 (sunt cita\u021bi\u00a0 R. Janin \u00a0et alii<\/em>). Vezi \u0219i N. B\u0103nescu, op.cit.<\/em>, p. 73.\u00a0 Constantinopolul s-a ridicat pe str\u0103vechiul Byzantion, veche colonie elin\u0103, Byzantion fiind o form\u0103 grecizat\u0103, de la antroponimul tracic\u00a0 Byzas, \u0219eful expedi\u021biei megariene din 658\/657. E. Gibbon (op.cit<\/em>., p. 40, n. 3) d\u0103 aceast\u0103 dat\u0103, ca \u0219i H. W. Haussig, Histoire de la Civilisation Byzantine<\/em>\u00a0 (trad. J. D\u00e9carreaux), Librairie\u00a0 Jules\u00a0 Tallandier, Paris 1971, p. 24; I. Barnea (op. cit., <\/em>p. 51) a optat pentru anul 685.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[68]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009 I. Barnea, op. cit<\/em>., p. 54; O. Drimba, Istoria culturii <\/em>\u0219i civiliza<\/em>\u021biei<\/em>, II, Bucure\u0219ti 1987, p. 196; H. W. Haussig, op. cit.<\/em>, p. 49; Otto\u00a0 Mazal, Handbuch der Byzantinistik, <\/em>Albrus VMA-Verlag, Wiesbaden 1997, p. 150.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[69]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009\u00a0 P. Lemerle, Le premier humanisme byzantin,<\/em> Presses Universitaires de France, Paris 1971, p. 53 (respinge ideea existen\u021bei \u0219i a unei biblioteci publice \u00eenfiin\u021bate\u00a0 de\u00a0 Constantin. Ipoteza reapare, \u00eens\u0103, la A. Ducellier, Bizantinii<\/em>, p.174; din ODB, II, p.1224, afl\u0103m c\u0103 o bibliotec\u0103 public\u0103 real\u0103 se organizeaz\u0103 abia sub Constan\u021biu II). Pentru anul 425 pledeaz\u0103 \u0219i H.I.Marrou, Istoria educa<\/em>\u021biei \u00een Antichitate<\/em> (trad.rom.),\u00a0 Ed. Meridiane,\u00a0 Bucure\u0219ti 1997, p. 121. Termenul \u201ereorganizare\u201d \u2013 referitor la Universitatea constantinopolitan\u0103 \u2013, pe care \u00eel g\u0103sim \u00een ODB, III, p. 2143, poate fi omis.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[70]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009\u00a0 J. Topolski, Metodologia istoriei<\/em> (trad. rom.), Ed. \u0218tiin\u021bific\u0103 \u0219i Enciclopedic\u0103, Bucure\u0219ti 1987, p. 57; ODB, I, p. 649.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[71]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009 \u00a0H. Zimmermann, Veacul \u00eentunecat<\/em> (trad.rom.), Ed. \u0218tiin\u021bific\u0103 \u0219i Enciclopedic\u0103, Bucure\u0219ti 1983, p. 225.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[72]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009 ODB, III, p. 1900.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[73]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009 ODB, I, p. 649.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[74]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009 Ibidem. <\/em>\u00centr-o anumit\u0103 situa\u021bie, patriarhul Mihail Cerularie a f\u0103cut caz de ea (G. Ostrogorski, Storia dell\u2019\u00a0 impero bizantino<\/em>, ed. Giulio Einaudi, Torino 1972, p. 309.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[75]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009 A. Pippidi, Tradi<\/em>\u021bia politic\u0103 bizantin\u0103 \u00een <\/em>\u021a\u0103rile Rom\u00e2ne \u00een secolele XVI-XVIII, Ed. Academiei, Bucure\u0219ti 1983, p. 108.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[76]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009\u00a0 Ibidem, <\/em>p. 107.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[77]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009 E. Gibbon, op. cit.<\/em>, p. 48; H. I. Marrou, Biserica \u00een Antichitatea t\u00e2rzie,<\/em> p. 25 (despre omoruri); ODB, I, p. 548; St.Brezeanu, O istorie a Bizan<\/em>\u021bului,<\/em> Ed. Meronia, Bucure\u0219ti 2004, p. 21 (\u201e…con\u0219tiin\u021ba lui Constantin era foarte \u00eenc\u0103rcat\u0103!\u201d).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[78]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009\u00a0 E. Gibbon, op.cit.<\/em>, p. 44.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[79]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009 Em.\u00a0 Popescu, Studiu introductiv, <\/em>p. 12, 19, 22-24; P. Guran,\u00a0 Signes et symboles de la sacralit\u00e9 du pouvoir \u00e0 Byzance, <\/em>\u00een Etudes Byzantines et Post-Byzantines, VI (ed. Em. Popescu \u0219i T. Teoteoi), Ed. Academiei Rom\u00e2ne, Bucure\u0219ti 2011, p. 236 (mai departe: EBPB).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[80]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009\u00a0 A. Ducellier, Bizantinii, <\/em>p. 78; ODB, II, p. 989 \u0219i III, p. 1738.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[81]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009 \u00a0Eusebiu, Via<\/em>\u021ba lui Constantin, <\/em>p.193; Gh.Vl\u0103du\u0163escu, Filosofia primelor secole cre\u015ftine,<\/em> Ed. Enciclopedic\u0103, Bucure\u015fti 1995, p.81-87(cap. VI: Pentru o filosofie a istoriei\u2013Eusebiu de Cezareea). \u00cenc\u0103 Ioan I. Ic\u0103, Iconologia bizantin\u0103 \u00eentre politic\u0103 imperial\u0103 <\/em>\u0219i sfin<\/em>\u021benie monahal\u0103, <\/em>\u00een: Sf. Teodor\u00a0 Studitul, Iisus Hristos<\/em>\u2013prototip al icoanei sale, <\/em>Ed. Deisis, Alba-Iulia 1994, p.11 \u015fi urm. (se dezbate problema monarhiei <\/em>teocratice).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[82]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009 Aghiasmatar, <\/em>Ed. Patriarhiei, Bucure\u0219ti 2002, p.103 (apolisul de la Cununie).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[83]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009 A. M. Ritter, Church and State up to C. 300 AD, <\/em>\u00een vol. omagial Arhid. prof. C. Voicu, EIBMBOR, Bucure\u0219ti 2005, p.123.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[84]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009\u00a0 H. Chadwick, op. cit., <\/em>p. 211.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[85]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009 Ibidem<\/em>; ODB, I, p.140.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[86]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009 P. F.\u00a0 Patriarh Daniel, Cuv\u00e2nt<\/em> la s\u0103rb\u0103torirea hramului Catedralei patriarhale bucure\u0219tene, ap\u0103rut \u00een ziarul \u201eLumina\u201d din 22 mai 2012, p. 5.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[87]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009 Vajnicul militant ortodox Atanasie Alexandrinul (viitorul Sf. Atanasie cel Mare) a fost exilat de c\u0103tre Constantin, iar Arie rechemat din exil (P. Lemerle, op. cit.<\/em>, p.25). Surghiunit, tocmai \u00een Capadocia, a fost \u0219i Dionisie-episcop de Milano, tot ca ap\u0103r\u0103tor al Ortodoxiei anti-ariene (Sf.Vasile cel Mare. \u00cenchinare la 1630 de ani<\/em>, ed. a doua \u00eengrijit\u0103 de Em. Popescu \u0219i A. Marinescu, Ed. Basilica a Patriarhiei\u00a0 Rom\u00e2ne, Bucure\u0219ti 2009, p. 469). Pare-se c\u0103\u00a0 deciziile constantiniene, direc\u021bionate \u00eempotriva dreptei-credin\u021be, au fost inspirate de Eusebie al Cezareei (I. G. Coman, Patrologie<\/em>, III, p.484).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[88]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009 Faptele Apostolilor 14, 14; Romani 16, 7; OBD, I (p.140: martira Tecla),II (p.1310: Maria Magdalena) \u0219.a.m.d.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[89]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009 A. Ducellier, Bizantinii<\/em>, p.77: p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een perioada t\u00e2rzie a Bizan\u021bului, le-au fost adresate bazileilor\u00a0 epitete ca haghios<\/em> \u0219i isapostolos, <\/em>Ana Comnena supranumindu-\u0219i tat\u0103l (Alexie I; 1081-1118) \u201ecel de-al 13-lea apostol\u201d. Vezi \u0219i R. Guilland, <\/em>\u00c9tudes byzantines, <\/em>Presses Universitaires de France, Paris 1959, p. 214.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[90]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009 A. Grabar, Iconoclasmul bizantin<\/em> (trad. rom.), Ed. Meridiane, Bucure\u0219ti 1991, p. 398-399 \u0219i 495, n. 59 (se indic\u0103 Mansi<\/em>, XIII, 33sq). Cobor\u00e2nd \u00een timp, vedem c\u0103 Sf. Maxim M\u0103rturisitorul (\u2020662) a scris c\u0103 la Liturghie erau pomeni\u021bi \u00een tain\u0103 \u201e\u0219i mirenii r\u0103posa\u021bi \u00eentru credin\u021b\u0103, Constantin, Constans \u0219i to\u021bi ceilal\u021bi\u201d (A. Ducellier, Bizantinii<\/em>, p. 80).\u00a0 Apoi, pe un colier cu medalion de la finele sec. VI, descoperit \u00een apropiere de Tars (Cilicia-sudul Turciei de azi), Constantin \u0219i Elena sunt reprezenta\u021bi ca sfin\u021bi, cu aureol\u0103 (cf. A.\u00a0 Bank, L\u00b4art byzantin dans les mus\u00e9es de l\u00b4Union Sovi\u00e9tique,<\/em> \u00c9d. d\u00b4art Aurora, Leningrad 1985, p.16, 287 \u0219i fig. 95). Este ne\u00eentemeiat\u0103 aser\u021biunea specialistei\u00a0 Z. Udal\u021bova din Istoria Vizantii<\/em> , vol. I, p. 43, c\u0103 \u00eentreaga Biseric\u0103 cre\u0219tin\u0103 ar fi canonizat pe imperatorul Constantin.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[91]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009\u00a0 V. Grumel, La chronologie, <\/em>Presses Universitaires de France, Paris 1958, p. 339.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[92]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009\u00a0 Cum cred N. Chif\u0103r (\u00een studiul s\u0103u Constantin cel Mare…<\/em>, p.28) \u0219i W.Treadgold, op. cit.<\/em>, II, p. 334, n. 2.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[93]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009\u00a0 F. Pall, Lista alfabetic\u0103 a s\u0103rb\u0103torilor catolice <\/em>\u0219i a altor termeni cronologici folosi<\/em>\u021bi \u00een documentele medievale privitoare la Transilvania, <\/em>\u00een \u201eDocumente privind Istoria Rom\u00e2niei. Introducere\u201d, vol. I, Ed. Academiei, Bucure\u0219ti 1956, p. 538.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[94]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009\u00a0 M. Kaplan, op. cit.<\/em>, p. 315.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[95]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009 N. Iorga, Despre cronici <\/em>\u0219i cronicari<\/em> (ed. D. Mioc), Ed. \u0218tiin\u021bific\u0103 \u0219i Enciclopedic\u0103, Bucure\u0219ti 1988, p. 151 (la s\u00e2rbi). Regii vest-europeni l-au socotit pe Carol cel Mare ca un suveran \u201edup\u0103 chipul\u201d lui Constantin, iar prototipurile regelui norvegian Olaf au fost Sf. Constantin \u0219i monarhul franc Carolus Magnus (V. Haanes, Sf. Olaf\u00a0 (995-1030) <\/em>\u2013 patron <\/em>\u0219i rege ve<\/em>\u0219nic al Norvegiei sau despre rolul regelui \u00een procesul <\/em>\u00eencre\u0219tin\u0103rii, <\/em>\u00een \u201eRevista Teologic\u0103\u201d, 3\/26, p.82). Cu privire la \u00eemp\u0103ratul german Otto cel Mare (\u2020973), considerat un \u201enou Constantin\u201d, vezi H. Zimmermann, op. cit<\/em>, p. 126, 130; \u00eenc\u0103: A. Pippidi, L\u00b4ordre Constantinien et les g\u00e9n\u00e9alogies byzantines, <\/em>\u00een EBPB, III, (1997), p. 149-226.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[96]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009 R. Vulpe – I. Barnea , Din istoria Dobrogei,II<\/em>, Ed. Academiei, Bucure\u0219ti 1968, p. 381 \u0219i urm.; I. Barnea, Christian Art in Romania<\/em>, I, EIBMBOR, Bucure\u0219ti 1979, p. 30;\u00a0 Idem,Constantin cel Mare<\/em>, p. 92 \u015fi urm.; Em. Popescu, Christianitas Daco-Romana, <\/em>Ed. Academiei Rom\u00e2ne, Bucure\u0219ti 1994, p. 482 (sub voce: Constantinus Magnus e foarte des men\u021bionat); Em. B\u0103bu\u0219, Bizan<\/em>\u021bul<\/em>\u2013istorie <\/em>\u0219i\u00a0 spiritualitate, <\/em>Ed. Sophia, Bucure\u0219ti 2003, p. 30-36; M. Mare, Banatul \u00eentre secolele\u00a0 IV <\/em>\u0219i\u00a0 IX,<\/em> Ed. Excelsior Art, Timi\u0219oara\u00a0 2004, p. 12 et passim; A. Bejan, Contribu<\/em>\u021bii la istoria <\/em>\u0219i arheologia Banatului \u00een mileniul I d.Hr. <\/em>\u0219i \u00eenceputul feudalismului<\/em>, Ed. Excelsior Art, Timi\u0219oara 2006,\u00a0 p. 174 \u0219i urm.; Istoria\u00a0 Rom\u00e2nilor <\/em>(tratatul academic), vol. II, Bucure\u015fti 2001 (ed. a doua, 2010), passim.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[97]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009 Byzantinoslavica, 1\/1980, p. 66.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[98]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009 N. Iorga, Locul rom\u00e2nilor \u00een istoria universal\u0103 <\/em>(ed. R. Constantinescu), Ed. \u0218tiin\u021bific\u0103 \u0219i Enciclopedic\u0103, Bucure\u0219ti 1985, p. 257 \u0219i 322.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[99]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009 Chr. Ionescu, Mic\u0103\u00a0 enciclopedie onomastic\u0103<\/em>, Ed. Enciclopedic\u0103 Rom\u00e2n\u0103, Bucure\u0219ti 1975, p. 89: forma elin\u0103 Konstantinos<\/em> prin mijlocirea slav\u0103 a penetrat \u0219i \u00een limba rom\u00e2n\u0103, unde numele este atestat laolalt\u0103 cu o serie de hipocoristice \u0219i derivate \u00eenc\u0103 de la r\u0103scrucea veacurilor XIV-XV.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[100]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009\u00a0 G. Mih\u0103il\u0103, op. cit<\/em>., p. 264 \u0219i n.4; V. Muntean, Spiritualitate bizantin\u0103 <\/em>\u0219i rom\u00e2neasc\u0103, <\/em>p. 68; D. Barbu, \u00a0Bizan<\/em>\u021b contra Bizan<\/em>\u021b ,<\/em>Ed. Nemira, Bucure\u0219ti 2001, p.188.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[101]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009\u00a0 D. Russo, op. cit<\/em>., I, p. 96-98; Istoria literaturii rom\u00e2ne, <\/em>I (red. resp. Al. Rosetti), Ed. Academiei, Bucure\u0219ti 1964, p. 509 \u0219i 540; Literatura Bizan<\/em>\u021bului. <\/em>Antologare, traduceri\u00a0 \u0219i prezentare de N. \u0218. Tana\u0219oca, Ed. Univers, Bucure\u0219ti 1971, p. 372 \u0219i urm.; Idem, Bizan<\/em>\u021bul <\/em>\u0219i rom\u00e2nii<\/em>, Ed. Funda\u021biei PRO, Bucure\u0219ti 2003, p.153; G. Mih\u0103il\u0103, op. cit.<\/em>, p. 259; N. Cartojan, Istoria literaturii rom\u00e2ne vechi<\/em>, Ed. Minerva, Bucure\u0219ti 1980, p. 247; D. H. Mazilu, Literatura rom\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een epoca\u00a0 Rena<\/em>\u0219terii<\/em>, Ed. Minerva, Bucure\u0219ti 1984, p. 232 \u0219i urm.; Idem, Voca\u0163ia\u00a0 european\u0103 a literaturii rom\u00e2ne vechi, <\/em>Ed. Minerva, Bucure\u0219ti 1991, p. 9; V. Muntean, Spiritualitate bizantin\u0103 <\/em>\u0219i rom\u00e2neasc\u0103, <\/em>p. 82 \u0219i 90; T. Teoteoi, Byzantina et Daco-Romana, <\/em>Ed. Omonia, Bucure\u0219ti 2008, p. 34, 240 \u0219i 392.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[102]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009 I. D. \u0218tef\u0103nescu, Iconografia artei bizantine <\/em>\u0219i a picturii feudale rom\u00e2ne<\/em>\u0219ti, <\/em>Ed. Meridiane, Bucure\u0219ti 1973, dup\u0103 p.160, pag. a 18-a ilustrat\u0103; Gh. Cosma, Pictura istoric\u0103 rom\u00e2neasc\u0103, <\/em>Ed. Meridiane, Bucure\u0219ti 1986, pag. a VI-a ilustrat\u0103 dup\u0103 p. 64 (obi\u0219nuit\u0103); Em. Popescu, L\u00b4image chr\u00e9tienne-orthodoxe\u00a0 d\u00b4\u00c9tienne le Grand, <\/em>\u00een EBPB, V (2006), p.30.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[103]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009\u00a0 Emerologhion<\/em> \/2004 (\u00een color), tip\u0103rit \u00een Cipru.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[104]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009\u00a0 I. Barnea, Constantin cel Mare, <\/em>p. 130.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[105]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009\u00a0 Dionisie din Furna, Carte de pictur\u0103<\/em> (trad. rom.), Ed. Meridiane, Bucure\u0219ti 1979, p. 204.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[106]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009\u00a0 I. Barnea, Constantin cel Mare,<\/em> p. 131.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[107]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009\u00a0 Ibidem.<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[108]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009\u00a0 H. H. Russack, Byzanz und Stambul<\/em>, Hans Hugo Verlag, Berlin 1941, p. 16. Pe Internet apare ca \u201eStatue of the Emperor\u00a0 Constantine Lateran Archbasilica\u201d.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[109]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009 Enciclopedia civiliza<\/em>\u021biei romane <\/em>(coord. D. Tudor), Ed. \u0218tiin\u0163ific\u0103 \u0219i Enciclopedic\u0103, Bucure\u0219ti 1982, p. 295.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[110]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009\u00a0 W. Treadgold, op. cit,<\/em> I, p. 64: \u201e… domnia sa neglijent\u0103 \u015fi extravagant\u0103 \u201d.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[111]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2009\u00a0 Ch. Diehl, op.cit, <\/em>p.IV.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00a0Preot prof. dr. Vasile Muntean \u00cen expunerea de fa\u0163\u0103 vom c\u0103uta, \u00eent\u00e2i de toate, s\u0103 stabilim durata vie\u0163ii lui Flavius Valerius Constantinus Magnus[1]. Limitele temporale care s-au vehiculat oscileaz\u0103 \u00eentre 57 \u015fi 67 de ani[2]. Dac\u0103 \u00eens\u0103 lu\u0103m \u00een calcul … Continu\u0103 s\u0103 cite\u0219ti →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"sidebar-page.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-551","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/altarul-banatului.ro\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/551","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/altarul-banatului.ro\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/altarul-banatului.ro\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/altarul-banatului.ro\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/altarul-banatului.ro\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=551"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/altarul-banatului.ro\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/551\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":552,"href":"https:\/\/altarul-banatului.ro\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/551\/revisions\/552"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/altarul-banatului.ro\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=551"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}